東洋熱:歐洲畫家的日本主義之潮

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Japonism Wave

Unleashing Eastern Passion in European Artistry

What is Japonisme?

關於日本主義

「日本主義」一詞起源於法語的「Japonisme」,首次由法國藝評家菲利普·伯蒂(Philippe Burty)於1872年提出。這一核心概念指的是,在1858年日本被迫重新開放對外貿易後,日本的文物和商品進入歐洲市場。各類展覽與博覽會也起了推波助瀾的作用,如1862 年的倫敦國際展覽中心的浮世繪展覽、1867 年在巴黎世界博覽會的日本傳統文化表演、浮世繪等藝術文物商品的展售,使得日本主義在歐洲逐漸展開並蔚為一股風潮。許多歐洲藝術家被日本藝術和設計深深所吸引,在巴黎和倫敦街頭的異國商品店中,人們開始看到日本藝術品的身影,特別是浮世繪。讓正在尋找傳統歐洲藝術觀點與方法之外的歐洲藝術家找到了靈感來源,包括印象派、後印象派、維也納分離派、新藝術運動以及先知派在內的眾多歐洲藝術家,都受到了日本主義的影響。

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Canvas Insights: Transformative Trends in European Art Scene

畫布上的交流

隨著浮世繪大量傳入歐洲,歐洲藝術家們得以接觸到與傳統迥異的藝術作品,這開啟了他們脫離古典主義框架的機會。這些新的藝術品迅速地影響了西方藝術家,尤其在構圖、配色、平面化、裝飾性等方面展現了新的表現形式。惠斯勒(James Abbott McNeill Whistler, 1834-1903)於1885 年的《十點鐘演講》(Ten O’clock Lecture)提到:「我們就只能等待——直到他身上帶著眾神的印記,被選中的人再次來到我們中間,他將繼續之前發生的事情——即使他永遠不會出現,我們也感到美已經完滿地鑄在巴特農神殿的大理石上,並以鳥類點綴在葛飾北齋的摺扇上 – 在富士山腳下。」。從他對日本藝術的讚譽,可見當時藝術家對日本藝術的崇拜。

我們也可以在許多印象派和後印象派相關的著名藝術家的作品如惠斯勒(James McNeill Whistler)、馬奈(Édouard Manet)、竇加(Edgar Degas)、卡薩特(Mary Cassatt)、梵谷(Vincent van Gogh)、高更(Paul Gauguin)、波納爾(Pierre Bonnard)等人的作品中,見證19世紀末這股日本主義風潮在歐洲的影響力。

Everyday Subject Matter

東洋風:日本生活風尚

不論是在馬奈的〈佐拉肖像〉辦公桌前的版畫與屏風、莫內筆下〈日本女人〉站在有日本扇裝飾的牆前,身著紅色和服的歐洲女子、或雷諾瓦〈喬治·卡彭蒂埃夫人和她的孩子們〉(Madame Georges Charpentier and Her Children)、惠斯勒〈來自瓷之國的公主〉(The Princess from the Land of Porcelain)等等作品中皆有許多來自日本的藝術作品與裝飾物品,足見當時歐洲那股蔚為風行日本生活風尚。其中,惠斯勒〈紫金隨想曲:金色屏風〉(Caprice in Purple and Gold: The Golden Screen)。在畫中,一位身穿和服的歐洲女性正專注地研究著日本藝術家歌川廣重的一組木版畫。周圍擺放著來自日本和中國的裝飾品,營造出一種異國風的生活環境。

Japonisme, Philippe Burty, Impressionism, Japanese woodblock prints, ukiyo-e, Hokusai manga, Japonism Wave, Cross-Cultural Influence, Cultural Fusion


Auguste Renoir (1878). Madame Georges Charpentier and Her Children. Oil on canvas. image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Auguste Renoir (1878). Madame Georges Charpentier and Her Children. Oil on canvas. image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Japonisme, Philippe Burty, Impressionism, Japanese woodblock prints, ukiyo-e, Hokusai manga, Japonism Wave, Cross-Cultural Influence, Cultural Fusion


James McNeill Whistler (1863-1865). The Princess from the Land of Porcelain. Oil on wood panel. image © National Museum of Asian Art, Smithsonian Institution.
James McNeill Whistler (1863-1865). The Princess from the Land of Porcelain. Oil on wood panel. image © National Museum of Asian Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Japonisme, Philippe Burty, Impressionism, Japanese woodblock prints, ukiyo-e, Hokusai manga, Japonism Wave, Cross-Cultural Influence, Cultural Fusion


James McNeill Whistler (1864). Caprice in Purple and Gold: The Golden Screen. Oil on wood panel. image © National Museum of Asian Art, Smithsonian Institution.
James McNeill Whistler (1864). Caprice in Purple and Gold: The Golden Screen. Oil on wood panel. image © National Museum of Asian Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Utagawa Hiroshige (1856). Sakura Island, from the series “Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces (Rokujuyoshu meisho zue). Color woodblock print; oban. image © The Art Institute of Chicago.
Utagawa Hiroshige (1856). Sakura Island, from the series “Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces (Rokujuyoshu meisho zue). Color woodblock print; oban. image © The Art Institute of Chicago.

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The Imitation and Appropriation of Ukiyo-e

臨摹與挪用

當時許多歐洲畫家紛紛直接臨摹或挪用日本知名浮世繪畫師的作品,並將經典的人物、風景和文物融入自己的畫作中。如梵谷在〈名妓:仿英泉〉(Courtesan : after Eisen)一畫中直接挪用了日本浮世繪畫師溪齋英泉的畫作構圖與人物姿態。梵谷亦以溪齋英泉的作品為靈感,鮮黃色背景中,一位女子穿著繽紛多彩的和服,畫框外四周繪有竹竿、睡蓮、青蛙、鶴以及遠處的小船等圖案。這些元素都是梵谷借鑒自其他日本版畫的造形語彙。

Japonisme, Philippe Burty, Impressionism, Japanese woodblock prints, ukiyo-e, Hokusai manga, Japonism Wave, Cross-Cultural Influence, Cultural Fusion

Vincent van Gogh (1887). Courtesan (after Eisen).  Oil on canvas. image © Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)
Vincent van Gogh (1887). Courtesan (after Eisen).  Oil on canvas. image © Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)

〈唐吉老爹〉這幅畫是梵谷描繪朱利安·唐吉神父的其中一件肖像作品,畫中背景可見許多日本文化的元素,包含唐吉帽子上方的富士山、歌舞伎演員、櫻花、浮世繪作品,其中也包含了溪齋英泉、歌川廣重和歌川國貞等知名藝術家的作品。〈雨中的橋:仿歌川廣重〉(Flowering Plum Orchard, after Hiroshige)、〈梅樹開花:仿歌川廣重〉(Flowering Plum Orchard, after Hiroshige),則是梵谷直接以油畫臨摹浮世繪大師歌川廣重(Utagawa Hiroshige)的〈大橋安宅驟雨〉(Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi Bridge and Atake)與〈龜戸梅屋舗〉(Plum Park in Kameido)。

Japonisme, Philippe Burty, Impressionism, Japanese woodblock prints, ukiyo-e, Hokusai manga, Japonism Wave, Cross-Cultural Influence, Cultural Fusion

Vincent van Gogh (1887). Portrait of Père Tanguy. Oil on canvas. image © musée Rodin.
Vincent van Gogh (1887). Portrait of Père Tanguy. Oil on canvas. image © musée Rodin.
Japonisme, Philippe Burty, Impressionism, Japanese woodblock prints, ukiyo-e, Hokusai manga, Japonism Wave, Cross-Cultural Influence, Cultural Fusion
Vincent van Gogh (1887). Portrait of Père Tanguy. Oil on canvas. image © musée Rodin.
Japonisme, Philippe Burty, Impressionism, Japanese woodblock prints, ukiyo-e, Hokusai manga, Japonism Wave, Cross-Cultural Influence, Cultural Fusion


Vincent van Gogh (1887). Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige). Oil on canvas. image © Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)
Vincent van Gogh (1887). Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige). Oil on canvas. image © Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)
Utagawa Hiroshige(1857). Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi Bridge and Atake. Woodblock print; ink and color on paper. image © The Art Institute of Chicago.
Utagawa Hiroshige(1857). Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi Bridge and Atake. Woodblock print; ink and color on paper. image © The Art Institute of Chicago.
Japonisme, Philippe Burty, Impressionism, Japanese woodblock prints, ukiyo-e, Hokusai manga, Japonism Wave, Cross-Cultural Influence, Cultural Fusion


Vincent van Gogh (1887). Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige). Oil on canvas. image © Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)
Vincent van Gogh (1887). Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige). Oil on canvas. image © Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)
Utagawa Hiroshige(1857). Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi Bridge and Atake. Woodblock print; ink and color on paper. image © The Art Institute of Chicago.
Utagawa Hiroshige(1857). Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi Bridge and Atake. Woodblock print; ink and color on paper. image © The Art Institute of Chicago.

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Color, Line & Compositions

色彩、線條與構圖

浮世繪版畫對西方藝術產生了深遠的影響,除了將異國風情的文物納入畫作之中,當時的歐洲藝術家從浮世繪中汲取了獨特的題材、色彩、構圖、線條和平面空間的元素,成為重要的造形靈感與滋養,使其創作風格呈現更加多元與變化萬千。如卡薩特、竇加、切斯(William Merritt Chase)曾以浮世繪經典浴女題材作畫。

Japonisme, 

Mary Cassatt (1890-1891). Woman Bathing. Color drypoint and aquatint on laid paper. image © National Gallery of Art.
Mary Cassatt (1890-1891). Woman Bathing. Color drypoint and aquatint on laid paper. image © National Gallery of Art.
Japonisme,

Edgar Degas (ca. 1888–90). Woman Combing Her Hair. Pastel on light green wove paper. image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Edgar Degas (ca. 1888–90). Woman Combing Her Hair. Pastel on light green wove paper. image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Japonisme,

William Merritt Chase (1888). Study of Flesh Color and Gold. 
Pastel on paper coated with mauve-gray grit. image © National Gallery of Art.
William Merritt Chase (1888). Study of Flesh Color and Gold. 
Pastel on paper coated with mauve-gray grit. image © National Gallery of Art.

再者如浮世繪後期的傾斜、近景、分割的構圖方式,也影響了許多畫家的構圖,如貝爾納(Émile Bernard)的〈保母的散步:馬車的壁飾〉(Nursemaids’ Promenade, Frieze of Carriages)即為一例。浮世繪特有的黑色輪廓線也得到了巧妙的轉化,這種轉變在梵谷的作品中表現為豐富多樣的線條,同時化作貝爾納與高更的畫作中明顯表現出主題的輪廓線條。

Japonisme,

Emile Bernard (1895). Nursemaids’ Promenade, Frieze of Carriages. Color lithographs on wove paper, screen with four panels. image © The Cleveland Art Museum.
Emile Bernard (1895). Nursemaids’ Promenade, Frieze of Carriages. Color lithographs on wove paper, screen with four panels. image © The Cleveland Art Museum.
Japonisme,

Emile Bernard (1888). Self-Portrait with Portrait of Gauguin.  Oil on canvas. image © Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)
Emile Bernard (1888). Self-Portrait with Portrait of Gauguin.  Oil on canvas. image © Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)
Japonisme,

Paul Gauguin (1888). Self-Portrait with Portrait of Emile Bernard (Les misérables).  Oil on canvas. image © Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)
Paul Gauguin (1888). Self-Portrait with Portrait of Emile Bernard (Les misérables).  Oil on canvas. image © Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation)

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Japonism’s Profound Impact: Cultural Fusion in European Art

日本主義

在前面的作品中可以看出,當時歐洲的日本主義風尚深深影響了當時藝文界的發展。面對跨文化藝術的觀看和理解,囿於時空的限制,藝術家們透過細心觀察浮世繪作品以及與日本相關的文物,獲得了許多西方藝術原本未曾涉足的表現方式。他們將這些新的元素融入畫面之中,從而深刻地改變了西方藝術的視角,開創了全新的表現語彙。這種創新不僅豐富了藝術作品本身,更在藝術發展史留下深刻的印記,見證了當時歐洲藝術的蛻變。

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