雀華秋色:趙孟頫文人畫筆下的鄉愁與友誼

Zhao Mengfu (ca. 1232-1298). Autumn colours on the Qiao and Hua mountains. iimage ©  National Palace Museum,Taipei travel

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Zhao Mengfu’s Literati Painting

Autumn Colors on the Qiao & Hua Mountains

追求古意,融古開今:元代書畫名家趙孟頫

趙孟頫(1254-1322),字子昂,號松雪道人,別號鷗波、水精宮道人。他出身宋室皇族,卻仕於元朝,是元朝傑出的書畫家,同時也是具有深遠影響力的文人畫家之一。元朝著名詩人管道昇為其妻;而畫家王蒙則是趙孟頫的外孫。

趙孟頫的繪畫題材廣泛,尤擅山水畫。趙孟頫追求古意,曾言:「作畫貴有古意,若無古意,雖工無益。」。因此,他以「復古」為宗旨,提倡師法古人,融合了北宋、南宋及元代的繪畫技法,既有南宋的細膩秀麗,又帶有北方的豪邁氣魄。他的作品多以墨線為主,目的在表現對自然的崇敬與感悟。趙孟頫的書法造詣冠絕古今,以行書、楷書見長,自成一派。不僅如此,趙孟頫博學多才,詩文俱佳,文采斐然,亦精通音律,善於唱曲。

元趙孟頫窠木竹石
Zhao Mengfu (ca. 1232-1298). Nestled Wood, Bamboo, and Stone.  National Palace Museum, Taipei.
Zhao Mengfu (ca. 1232-1298). Nestled Wood, Bamboo, and Stone. Ink on silk. iimage ©  National Palace Museum, Taipei.

Profound Portrait of Friendship on Canvas

深情厚誼

《雀華秋色》為趙孟頫為摯友周密所繪製的一幅山水畫作,現藏於臺北國立故宮博物院。畫作描繪了山東歷城秋日的秀麗景色,表達了趙孟頫對周密的深厚友誼以及周密對故鄉的思念。

Zhao Mengfu, Literati Painting, Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains, 
趙孟頫、雀華秋色、文人畫
Zhao Mengfu (ca. 1232-1298). Autumn colours on the Qiao and Hua mountains. Ink and colors on paper. iimage ©  National Palace Museum, Taipei.

趙孟頫與周密皆為金末元初時期的著名文人,兩人相交甚篤,情誼深厚,是志同道合的好友。周密曾任南宋朝官,宋朝滅亡後,他選擇隱居,不願仕元。趙孟頫仕於元朝,官至翰林學士、禮部尚書,位極人臣。

周密雖隱居故里,卻一直心念故國,對故鄉歷城充滿了思念之情。趙孟頫深知周密對故鄉的思念,於是創作了《鵲華秋色》這幅畫作,用畫筆將故鄉的美景呈現在他眼前,以慰藉他對家鄉的思念之情。也因此,這幅畫不僅是對秋日美景的描繪,更是深厚友情的表達。

《雀華秋色》描繪的是中國山東濟南附近的兩座名山——鵲山和華不注山一帶的風景。這幅文人畫式的青綠山水,分三段,首段為主山以披麻皴繪成,左圓者為鵲山,右尖者為華不注山。中段以平遠法構圖,大片水澤在前,主山之間,大小沙洲綿亙,屋舍叢樹錯落,形成一片開闊平遠的視野。江上小舟輕輕搖曳,漁人撐篙、提罟,岸邊蘆荻處處,營造出恬淡平靜的氣氛。

Zhao Mengfu, Literati Painting, Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains, 
趙孟頫、雀華秋色、文人畫
Zhao Mengfu (ca. 1232-1298). Autumn colours on the Qiao and Hua mountains. Ink and colors on paper. iimage ©  National Palace Museum, Taipei.
Zhao Mengfu, Literati Painting, Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains, 
趙孟頫、雀華秋色、文人畫
Zhao Mengfu (ca. 1232-1298). Autumn colours on the Qiao and Hua mountains. Ink and colors on paper. iimage ©  National Palace Museum, Taipei.

《雀華秋色》受到歷代的名家讚揚與喜愛,明代著名書畫家董其昌作了五處題跋,並在其中一處點評此畫:「吳興此圖,兼右丞、北苑二家畫法。有唐人之緻,去其纖,有北宋之雄,去其獷。」。清代乾隆皇帝更以榜書在「引首」處寫下「鵲華秋色」四個大字,亦先後題跋九次,可見其對此作之喜愛。

Zhao Mengfu, Literati Painting, Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains, 
趙孟頫、雀華秋色、文人畫
Zhao Mengfu (ca. 1232-1298). Autumn colours on the Qiao and Hua mountains. Ink and colors on paper. iimage ©  National Palace Museum, Taipei.
Zhao Mengfu, Literati Painting, Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains, 
趙孟頫、雀華秋色、文人畫
Zhao Mengfu, Literati Painting, Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains, 
趙孟頫、雀華秋色、文人畫
Zhao Mengfu, Literati Painting, Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains, 
趙孟頫、雀華秋色、文人畫

Zhao Mengfu (ca. 1232-1298). Autumn colours on the Qiao and Hua mountains. Ink and colors on paper. iimage ©  National Palace Museum, Taipei.

A Paradigm of Literati Landscape Painting

文人山水畫的典範

文人寫意,是中國山水畫中重要的思想和表現手法。文人畫強調主觀情感的抒發,不求形似,旨在創造意境。文人的詩情意境,都不必全部畫出,而是通過簡筆意象的導引和觀者的想像與思考。趙孟頫在《雀華秋色》中融合了文人畫、青綠山水與寫實景色,形成獨特的文人畫式山水。使元代繪畫風格轉向質樸自然、純任天真,推動了文人畫邁向下一個階段的發展。

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